{"id":"W4392938758","doi":"10.1111/jebm.12600","title":"Handling time‐varying treatments in observational studies: A scoping review and recommendations","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton; Impact","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Observational study; Protocol (science); Workflow; Observational methods in psychology; Computer science; Set (abstract data type); Process (computing); Medical physics; Management science; Selection (genetic algorithm); Medicine; Alternative medicine; Machine learning; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.4244639,0.005292465,0.009794344,0.03476973,0.005772929,0.01527659,0.01374519,0.01761177,0.009018549],"category_scores_gemma":[0.6793048,0.005470053,0.0172588,0.02468102,0.00738217,0.03165105,0.01146117,0.01544885,0.00412466],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.02079534,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.1188875,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02024359,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03498764,"domain_scores_codex":[0.6094754,0.2250784,0.1213118,0.01005405,0.03053447,0.003545918],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.2560879,0.517913,0.05654802,0.02154536,0.1423774,0.00552832],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004964301,0.0002284215,0.002395395,0.4893639,0.003898389,0.0006411734,0.00854639,0.001737579,0.00090825,0.01727478,0.1181566,0.3563528],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004048312,0.0001098155,0.001206294,0.8716496,0.005594828,0.0002205562,0.003110631,0.001415332,0.0005430106,0.01973467,0.09578035,0.0002299944],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.002689347,0.4821428,0.1046979,0.3269934,0.02945179,0.04204972,0.003931016,0.001242759,0.006801251],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01586438,0.3628454,0.4938735,0.05294804,0.003598546,0.06478725,0.003215082,0.0002882802,0.002579575],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5755361,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7097385,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.833002005037274,"score_gpt":0.6314645032262648,"score_spread":0.2015375018110092,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}