{"id":"W4392964630","doi":"10.1007/s10639-024-12574-6","title":"Incorporating AI in foreign language education: An investigation into ChatGPT’s effect on foreign language learners","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education and Information Technologies","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":195,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Educational technology; Foreign language; Computer science; Language assessment; Language acquisition; Comprehension approach; Language education; Mathematics education; Linguistics; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005169068,0.0004133356,0.0006107163,0.0007404092,0.002625491,0.002910903,0.000988856,0.0009002407,0.003523342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01767783,0.0002571506,0.0004425263,0.0006425005,0.002889265,0.00154712,0.003641282,0.001693709,0.0004297581],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001150238,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001330419,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001276941,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002530555,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996314,0.002520328,0.0001170978,0.0002554887,0.0003741324,0.0004189654],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9786562,0.01690391,0.00111111,0.0006603745,0.0009307087,0.001737706],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003416068,0.001811503,0.02954248,0.0008256024,0.00003117443,0.002498038,0.8932534,0.0002800251,0.007983875,0.001076266,0.000604324,0.06175165],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001017902,0.003898314,0.06011454,0.0005611353,0.0001100879,0.001538399,0.9062029,0.001215513,0.008209407,0.001053532,0.01690373,0.00009052223],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.996986,0.00007606326,0.0005532235,0.0001298375,0.00001258445,0.00006905042,0.00001503875,0.00001716509,0.002141051],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973794,0.0001385612,0.001029379,0.00009372093,0.000009165852,0.0001588937,0.00001220187,0.00001014297,0.00116865],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005169068,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02733696,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02811547140711775,"score_gpt":0.3735851709298125,"score_spread":0.3454696995226948,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}