{"id":"W4392979327","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4757245","title":"Word Superiority Effect Overcomes Crowding","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Crowding; Word (group theory); Computer science; Natural language processing; Artificial intelligence; Psychology; Linguistics; Cognitive psychology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002779988,0.0008041139,0.001482713,0.001028198,0.0005839081,0.00173403,0.001028027,0.001648438,0.04464267],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02276795,0.0004575691,0.0005574243,0.000527963,0.001490894,0.004016629,0.00266607,0.001206263,0.003725037],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002672873,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007929795,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004904012,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005068211,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981825,0.0003110051,0.0001833321,0.0006099349,0.0005105289,0.0002027216],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.973385,0.01564742,0.002053006,0.005204036,0.002007278,0.001703155],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.006533681,0.002112211,0.0169484,0.002316551,0.0003378596,0.002871309,0.003507368,0.002426683,0.6011527,0.08061554,0.008360154,0.2728176],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00229349,0.006047973,0.2900695,0.000393755,0.00165317,0.006627895,0.005021219,0.0213585,0.2301969,0.3744105,0.06161686,0.0003102958],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9099891,0.0005754717,0.01324516,0.0009734804,0.0004166329,0.0000704815,0.0003456837,0.0007039495,0.07368001],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9887354,0.0001067146,0.004507071,0.0002542971,0.0002000993,0.00003073411,0.0001654104,0.0003714623,0.005628826],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04464267,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1493446,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01048639161479629,"score_gpt":0.3124824913647449,"score_spread":0.3019960997499486,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}