{"id":"W4393344974","doi":"10.1111/exsy.13599","title":"Bankruptcy prediction using optimal ensemble models under balanced and imbalanced data","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Expert Systems","topic":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Bankruptcy prediction; Ensemble forecasting; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Bankruptcy; Machine learning; Predictive modelling; Data mining; Economics; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002557418,0.0002063758,0.0002310863,0.0001518874,0.0002167151,0.0008451962,0.0002216463,0.0001181233,0.00002175639],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001621065,0.0001828347,0.00003904073,0.0002801426,0.00003999539,0.002849926,0.0002396361,0.0001183841,0.00003727355],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005754265,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002882136,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00218361,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002232399,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985391,0.00001237228,0.0003189473,0.0005672553,0.0002776966,0.0002845789],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993887,0.00001954981,0.00008101385,0.0004281536,0.00006472086,0.00001786554],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006077218,0.0005167423,0.006146137,0.006468966,0.0007801376,0.000295596,0.001970529,0.2060755,0.08493548,0.3989707,0.2554859,0.0377466],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002574455,0.000007773938,0.0008725235,0.0004290536,0.00003428651,0.00001626834,0.0003949757,0.9754307,0.00001973256,0.0004286388,0.0219096,0.0001989833],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5124238,0.02284451,0.4362654,0.0005385345,0.01189358,0.001075125,0.0002508616,0.001679961,0.01302823],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953268,0.0001241685,0.0001821171,0.0001586949,0.003611042,0.00003164355,0.0002955616,0.0000425901,0.0002273839],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7693553,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8150246,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06398042101674091,"score_gpt":0.2731778778691326,"score_spread":0.2091974568523917,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}