{"id":"W4394571622","doi":"10.3390/electronics13071391","title":"Using Ensemble Learning for Anomaly Detection in Cyber–Physical Systems","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Electronics","topic":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":54,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University","funders":"Universidad de Oviedo","keywords":"Anomaly detection; Cyber-physical system; Ensemble learning; Computer science; Anomaly (physics); Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Data mining; Physics; Operating system","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003055622,0.001126374,0.0014431,0.002300349,0.0006134281,0.001251956,0.00140445,0.001003506,0.0004455789],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007562567,0.0003926756,0.00112632,0.00157938,0.0006772343,0.002109247,0.00142108,0.001849572,0.0001850129],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006636492,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007084882,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004203202,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00356418,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998331,0.0004416392,0.0001355197,0.0004350556,0.0004933156,0.0001634103],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9955499,0.002523649,0.0004452104,0.0005384437,0.0008171452,0.0001257131],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001035525,0.0001487836,0.01473928,0.00007057013,0.0002240061,0.0001465668,0.000108389,0.7665403,0.003075176,0.002930606,0.0009185667,0.2109942],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001484225,0.00001782511,0.0006393825,0.000002807137,0.000008667328,0.0000181207,0.000009082709,0.9969021,0.0005717685,0.001692195,0.0001319639,0.000004614883],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08142269,0.0005797583,0.9153858,0.0003239971,0.00009675207,0.00004298607,0.0001031981,0.001241862,0.0008028639],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9165525,0.0003179031,0.08186624,0.0001035715,0.00009887617,0.00005550816,0.0003573004,0.00005129218,0.0005967678],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.004203202,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01615983,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01654812489773955,"score_gpt":0.2616754188459334,"score_spread":0.2451272939481938,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}