{"id":"W4395007950","doi":"10.2118/218171-ms","title":"Field Injectivity Improvement in Heavy Oil Carbonate Reservoirs: Effective Surfactant Formulations for Lower Permeability Carbonates","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Carbonate; Permeability (electromagnetism); Pulmonary surfactant; Petroleum engineering; Relative permeability; Oil field; Geology; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Geotechnical engineering; Porosity; Membrane; Engineering; Metallurgy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007548385,0.0005279132,0.0005755343,0.0003232416,0.00008216149,0.0002566247,0.0003482063,0.0003584713,0.0000754802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006425969,0.0005323124,0.0002845149,0.0004895394,0.00006969551,0.0008479842,0.0001267774,0.0007359004,0.000009666268],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00103929,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002716509,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001171198,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004998487,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973628,0.00007276626,0.0006564401,0.000846136,0.0002649485,0.0007969248],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973596,0.001577865,0.00006955596,0.0006415918,0.0002143983,0.0001369308],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005431413,0.0001373443,0.0003418697,0.002018366,0.0001751539,0.00001792862,0.0005027037,0.00330785,0.1912338,0.0007230685,0.0002113854,0.8007873],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009989791,0.002096845,0.001198267,0.001165461,0.00007292198,0.000006810858,0.0001040929,0.5591095,0.3971635,0.03285622,0.003834846,0.001392585],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9630793,0.0007717497,0.01122668,0.0002831835,0.002238768,0.0008291581,0.0004295701,0.001314885,0.01982673],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9941695,0.0007623684,0.002639426,0.00006024144,0.0001124652,0.001245629,0.00004239758,0.0001034365,0.0008645391],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7993948,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997128,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01092341352795711,"score_gpt":0.2549113485497778,"score_spread":0.2439879350218206,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}