{"id":"W4395026787","doi":"10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00831","title":"Deep Learning and Multimodal Artificial Intelligence in Orthopaedic Surgery","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons","topic":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","field":"Medicine","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"National Cancer Institute; Fondation du cancer des Cèdres; University of Toronto","keywords":"Deep learning; Artificial intelligence; Medicine; Convolutional neural network; Machine learning; Artificial neural network; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008844665,0.00071147,0.000837627,0.002163626,0.000218266,0.001009372,0.0007257537,0.00135806,0.003032315],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001752988,0.0002799114,0.0006417472,0.002116008,0.0007648355,0.001518966,0.0009069632,0.00212249,0.001018661],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008115163,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00151249,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001616193,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002292067,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997188,0.00007596397,0.00004026759,0.00003681254,0.0001062668,0.00002180844],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992903,0.00049777,0.00005294213,0.0000151977,0.0001168652,0.00002693264],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003112844,0.00004783237,0.0002484247,0.01348889,0.000121784,0.0001074276,0.00007234743,0.001581571,0.0005174031,0.01350381,0.0177707,0.9525087],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001982848,0.000146245,0.001834971,0.01346581,0.0001845645,0.001501533,0.0001163906,0.001898056,0.0009104791,0.01965022,0.9602103,0.00006160601],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001903601,0.995657,0.001053456,0.0009117037,0.0003000971,0.000007990113,0.00001391532,0.00001215667,0.001853424],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00210956,0.9955569,0.000886469,0.0004392705,0.000293062,0.00001210787,0.00002164609,0.000003363338,0.0006776545],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003032315,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01014411,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03478081678079281,"score_gpt":0.3643770697317706,"score_spread":0.3295962529509778,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}