{"id":"W4396216077","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02172","title":"Pupil Size and Eye Movements Differently Index Effort in Both Younger and Older Adults","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","topic":"Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; William Demant Fonden; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Pupillometry; Psychology; Gaze; Cognitive psychology; Pupillary response; Sentence; Eye tracking; Task (project management); Comprehension; Speech perception; Audiology; Perception; Speech recognition; Pupil; Computer science; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003586918,0.0003785464,0.0002536626,0.0004486696,0.0001614984,0.0004116724,0.0001076251,0.0003812476,0.001789943],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001443746,0.0001387856,0.0001540086,0.0001490677,0.0001947151,0.0004094584,0.0003785572,0.0002254722,0.0003902161],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008842266,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005808834,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009023383,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001514923,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998426,0.00001799693,0.00002216576,0.00005480765,0.00004202829,0.00002026551],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995134,0.00008785446,0.0002164579,0.00004107079,0.00006328463,0.00007791406],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001425546,0.0003879858,0.9064056,0.00009501222,0.0001065461,0.0004057953,0.002982234,0.0001112303,0.06082199,0.0001535981,0.0003867562,0.02671769],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004454401,0.0001985548,0.9988737,0.000002594998,0.000008211194,0.0001466992,0.0001888686,0.00004469275,0.0003953993,0.00002758921,0.0001066467,0.000002555867],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9991488,0.0001238685,0.0001485832,0.00001068841,0.000003133943,0.00001017367,0.00006802071,0.000003030872,0.000483561],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985454,0.0001204441,0.0003226566,0.00004457732,0.00001072462,0.00002136028,0.0001580923,0.000002366846,0.0007742852],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001789943,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005988002,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.015271869105764,"score_gpt":0.2924155509424143,"score_spread":0.2771436818366503,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}