{"id":"W4396592559","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.109.102001","title":"Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. D/Physical review. D.","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Institute of Particle Physics","funders":"Colegiul Consultativ pentru Cercetare-Dezvoltare şi Inovare; Institut Lagrange de Paris; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Australian Research Council; Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Ministerium für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Vlaamse regering; Junta de Andalucía; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft; Strong; Xunta de Galicia; Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital, Gobierno de España; Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Université Paris-Saclay; Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos; Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; U.S. Department of Energy; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Narodowe Centrum Nauki; Conseil Régional, Île-de-France; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca; Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Grainger Foundation; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Marie Curie; European Commission; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia; Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării şi Digitalizării; Corporation for National and Community Service; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Pierre Auger Observatory; Shower; Air shower; Hadron; Observatory; Physics; Nuclear physics; Particle (ecology); Astrophysics; Geology; Cosmic ray","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003924349,0.0003706553,0.001392291,0.00002503151,0.00008053699,0.00001376585,0.0007522464,0.00001746031,0.00001163741],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001171374,0.0002607496,0.0005276905,0.0007287163,0.0004175344,0.0003949915,0.0006940005,0.0003449614,0.000004283288],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002932907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000327226,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000076528,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.141359e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972848,0.0001779929,0.00101896,0.0005793172,0.0005793701,0.0003595608],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972368,0.0003931231,0.0007198306,0.001243601,0.0002750404,0.000131624],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003549066,0.003463356,0.01711626,0.03400907,0.001114141,0.000001904011,0.0003159649,0.001825803,0.7147871,0.09680601,0.002522057,0.1280029],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006983851,0.0004686858,0.01113581,0.05615589,0.004802104,0.000003876626,0.00009868746,0.6315884,0.1040323,0.1883312,0.001632574,0.001052005],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9700587,0.02518618,0.001902168,0.0001622289,0.00006686704,0.0009837745,0.0009078163,0.00002113268,0.000711112],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974181,0.001514282,0.0005798088,0.00008604054,0.0002335813,0.00005482556,0.00005135325,0.00004844717,0.000013537],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6297626,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999844,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06066582297795448,"score_gpt":0.3920108911187939,"score_spread":0.3313450681408395,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}