{"id":"W4396852275","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2321584121","title":"The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":82,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Universiteit van Amsterdam; Dartmouth College; York University; George Washington University; University of Pennsylvania; Princeton University; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Moody College of Communication; Syracuse University; Social Science Research Council","keywords":"Misinformation; Legitimacy; Turnout; Social media; Psychology; Politics; Social psychology; Advertising; Internet privacy; Political science; Computer science; Voting; Business; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003466755,0.0004528141,0.0007341918,0.0002439738,0.0005950979,0.0007604285,0.0004415776,0.0009469602,0.004540761],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006063023,0.0003197314,0.0003415602,0.0001921089,0.001019226,0.000634308,0.0008123844,0.001631267,0.0007524259],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002863816,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003524249,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006597879,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001078973,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983854,0.0008711381,0.00009618662,0.000234722,0.0001858531,0.0002266063],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9893544,0.006736349,0.0009988341,0.001735114,0.000252653,0.0009227531],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"randomized_trial","study_design_scores_codex":[0.1821165,0.1756143,0.1584022,0.0005705928,0.0006521833,0.0008637453,0.004815375,0.005471115,0.3324297,0.008538562,0.004558058,0.1259676],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01071908,0.2493544,0.5792546,0.00006459174,0.0007831344,0.0009374987,0.003439247,0.01635825,0.1110231,0.008180001,0.01959191,0.0002941251],"study_design_candidate":"randomized_trial","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9983962,0.00001650325,0.0003486668,0.00009639482,0.00002379146,0.00007224681,0.00007532488,0.000008243572,0.0009625763],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9948605,0.0000391777,0.0007845451,0.0002136788,0.00005078342,0.0004687345,0.0001977256,0.00000935542,0.003375642],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004540761,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01833415,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03250707474685418,"score_gpt":0.3437891716122697,"score_spread":0.3112820968654155,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}