{"id":"W4398795991","doi":"10.1007/s41781-024-00128-x","title":"Total Cost of Ownership and Evaluation of Google Cloud Resources for the ATLAS Experiment at the LHC","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computing and Software for Big Science","topic":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"CHIST-ERA; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Vetenskapsrådet; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej; Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd; European Social Fund; Royal Society; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; European Regional Development Fund; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Narodowym Centrum Nauki; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; U.S. Department of Energy; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Israel Science Foundation; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft; Generalitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Austrian Science Fund; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; National Science Foundation; Baden-Württemberg Stiftung; H2020 European Research Council; Norges Forskningsråd; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; TRIUMF; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu; Canarie; CERN; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación","keywords":"Cloud computing; Workflow; Computer science; Grid; Atlas (anatomy); Grid computing; Total cost of ownership; Resource (disambiguation); ATLAS experiment; Data science; Database; Operating system; Telecommunications; Computer network","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003985483,0.0001009956,0.0001626197,0.00006191791,0.0008895362,0.0001541847,0.0007167926,0.00003146282,2.308999e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007020383,0.00005862624,0.00004995614,0.0005333662,0.0005458273,0.00005905325,0.000475931,0.00004586956,1.317387e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004131575,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000184938,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004085452,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005230514,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986459,0.00008354954,0.0002741083,0.000354463,0.0004071482,0.0002348241],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971873,0.001727117,0.0002073892,0.0003751603,0.0004631015,0.00003992382],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000103083,0.0001310294,0.006487954,0.0004905259,0.00009690924,2.612786e-7,0.02146795,0.08271465,0.004541539,0.03344997,0.004509794,0.8460063],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008720043,0.0001893526,0.008118091,0.0002596088,0.00004132392,0.000009310608,0.0006105527,0.9765719,0.006698032,0.001546316,0.004934757,0.0001488084],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.508879,0.001847151,0.4874627,0.000284113,0.0008076367,0.0006044559,0.000009998657,0.0000271039,0.0000778543],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967594,0.00000322425,0.002984707,0.00003076868,0.00007578512,0.00002332262,0.000001649743,0.000002663244,0.0001185053],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8938572,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6841683,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04891200836412189,"score_gpt":0.323655743967978,"score_spread":0.2747437356038561,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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