{"id":"W4398795991","doi":"10.1007/s41781-024-00128-x","title":"Total Cost of Ownership and Evaluation of Google Cloud Resources for the ATLAS Experiment at the LHC","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computing and Software for Big Science","topic":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"CHIST-ERA; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Vetenskapsrådet; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej; Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd; European Social Fund; Royal Society; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; European Regional Development Fund; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Narodowym Centrum Nauki; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; U.S. Department of Energy; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Israel Science Foundation; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft; Generalitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Austrian Science Fund; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; National Science Foundation; Baden-Württemberg Stiftung; H2020 European Research Council; Norges Forskningsråd; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; TRIUMF; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu; Canarie; CERN; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación","keywords":"Cloud computing; Workflow; Computer science; Grid; Atlas (anatomy); Grid computing; Total cost of ownership; Resource (disambiguation); ATLAS experiment; Data science; Database; Operating system; Telecommunications; Computer network","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006515529,0.0006494165,0.0007012332,0.001864326,0.001418341,0.003105331,0.001615962,0.0007542781,0.003929344],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01359793,0.0002672215,0.0006345326,0.002658361,0.001398333,0.002726771,0.001210739,0.0008371816,0.0003956964],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006380667,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002632115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03015235,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01711687,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9959534,0.001276139,0.0001380149,0.000297106,0.001760945,0.0005744029],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9853479,0.007778169,0.0008482689,0.001768251,0.003116623,0.001140723],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.02053726,0.002506871,0.09639297,0.001172958,0.0006017219,0.001122751,0.0008695385,0.638743,0.0358697,0.03754815,0.0138022,0.1508329],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008018675,0.006073088,0.1230216,0.0001762129,0.0006006048,0.000578696,0.003098968,0.7885754,0.04592738,0.01121829,0.01950087,0.0004269902],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9838514,0.0003944204,0.002601094,0.0003597407,0.00006072306,0.0001944842,0.0009463906,0.0002670287,0.01132473],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997133,0.0000762488,0.001414525,0.00002331501,0.000006553213,0.00004686759,0.0004922523,0.00006255705,0.0007447305],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9934845,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05995369,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04891200836412189,"score_gpt":0.323655743967978,"score_spread":0.2747437356038561,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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