{"id":"W4399254988","doi":"10.1145/3652963.3655042","title":"A Large Scale Study and Classification of VirusTotal Reports on Phishing and Malware URLs","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Spam and Phishing Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Phishing; Malware; Computer science; Scale (ratio); Computer security; World Wide Web; Information retrieval; The Internet","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004042065,0.00005925682,0.00007419734,0.00008897308,0.0000657425,0.0002097295,0.00006148305,0.00003126543,0.000005222456],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002283861,0.00004939072,0.00001452668,0.000188362,0.00001318184,0.0003799075,0.00007194241,0.00007804237,0.000003137782],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001239114,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001209364,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003619779,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005728309,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992966,0.00002953284,0.0001421964,0.0003053052,0.0001485914,0.00007779495],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996525,0.00004813323,0.00003624155,0.0002123759,0.00001595875,0.0000347952],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009886188,0.001905921,0.2167046,0.0005552538,0.0002434582,0.0006776156,0.1054219,0.00004120923,0.07680709,0.06152444,0.009650217,0.5263694],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005925237,0.001405761,0.7520259,0.0002278884,0.00005220578,0.0004036197,0.002609162,0.2232726,0.007177409,0.00587638,0.005892972,0.0004635223],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9674014,0.0001528295,0.02987323,0.0002686028,0.0003284957,0.0001407148,8.32098e-7,0.0001401068,0.001693754],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990039,0.000005146117,0.0006823003,0.00003296591,0.00003326806,0.000006399618,4.905048e-7,0.000004185169,0.0002313255],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5353214,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2022426,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02001285813462681,"score_gpt":0.266938786538445,"score_spread":0.2469259284038182,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}