{"id":"W4399560877","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02529-w","title":"Individual differences in word skipping during reading in English as L2","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Psychology; Reading (process); Word (group theory); Linguistics; Word length; Cognitive psychology; Communication","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001382937,0.0003150207,0.0006423339,0.0004219118,0.00004914898,0.0001535693,0.0004273348,0.0001240151,0.005547539],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001413647,0.0002949518,0.0001298205,0.0005341242,0.00004061069,0.00007100872,0.00007888264,0.000630212,0.003157971],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001749308,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004584502,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000176543,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001264358,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971322,0.0002944918,0.001001033,0.0008296003,0.0001625939,0.0005800286],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990553,0.000294779,0.0001178964,0.0004113631,0.00001827615,0.0001024354],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001211977,0.0004205153,0.08013806,0.008349578,0.0003651791,0.0006727743,0.04573862,0.000002797233,0.00003867197,0.005875645,0.1151587,0.7431183],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005267676,0.00002345797,0.1116693,0.0287532,0.00002990608,0.00005882052,0.0004693102,0.000002466957,0.000004432442,0.0001593503,0.8578542,0.0004488029],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7389687,0.2014097,0.000005031424,0.003076793,0.003595495,0.0006934495,0.000006350186,0.0002013253,0.0520432],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9408423,0.04787862,0.0004275944,0.001464713,0.0004879695,0.000550131,0.00002299697,0.00006979362,0.008255905],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7426955,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999503,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02695752521579062,"score_gpt":0.3138134907372007,"score_spread":0.2868559655214101,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}