{"id":"W4399665912","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c00908","title":"Highly Uncertain Methane Leakage from Oil and Gas Wells in Canada Despite Measurement and Reporting","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy & Fuels","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; McGill University","keywords":"Greenhouse gas; Environmental science; Methane; Methane emissions; Leakage (economics); Fossil fuel; Fugitive emissions; Petroleum engineering; Petroleum industry; Groundwater; Hydraulic fracturing; Environmental engineering; Waste management; Geology; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001420517,0.000414518,0.0003587654,0.0007611358,0.001403988,0.002001939,0.001177285,0.0004385884,0.001363949],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005045077,0.0002934159,0.0005921459,0.00225151,0.0009095568,0.0009763202,0.0006841786,0.0005597019,0.0001272147],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.04269048,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.04208609,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9969325,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9967197,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989339,0.0001282297,0.00005833278,0.0001979374,0.0003923753,0.0002893034],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968016,0.0007303017,0.0004286006,0.0001694868,0.001728687,0.0001412604],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002650145,0.00006047052,0.724209,0.0001978445,0.0002454497,0.0004194747,0.0008762029,0.2358588,0.001227538,0.009486159,0.004992976,0.02216099],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000613298,0.00007009276,0.4619772,0.0003369781,0.0002693382,0.0001453154,0.005209411,0.4991903,0.004313427,0.00494257,0.0232053,0.0002787522],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9712211,0.0007817093,0.005711981,0.001473517,0.00001822209,0.00004852089,0.01144148,0.0001799117,0.009123451],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.993058,0.0003961782,0.001609597,0.00009251295,0.000002160901,0.000008733322,0.002807547,0.00002042018,0.002004866],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04269048,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3097426,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01439717490839705,"score_gpt":0.1990070557852228,"score_spread":0.1846098808768258,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}