{"id":"W4399803017","doi":"10.2196/52346","title":"Artificial Intelligence in Dental Education: Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models and Multimodal Foundation Models","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JMIR Medical Education","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":53,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Preprint; Foundation (evidence); Computer science; Engineering ethics; Cognitive science; Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Engineering; World Wide Web; History; Archaeology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"grok","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"opus","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01012279,0.0005015738,0.0005643003,0.001305026,0.000932468,0.005808661,0.001582636,0.002200896,0.004246236],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02243896,0.0004432955,0.0008049798,0.001229552,0.004168179,0.008268962,0.003845252,0.003832032,0.0009360246],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001938855,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002096875,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003314172,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004257303,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9947896,0.00377354,0.0002282148,0.0003440367,0.0007213367,0.0001433204],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9652967,0.03113153,0.0007794338,0.001379119,0.001007001,0.0004062289],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001573045,0.0002352954,0.007932727,0.001124516,0.00009230434,0.00055177,0.00271938,0.05894353,0.001462756,0.477456,0.01384874,0.4354756],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002792214,0.00009007946,0.001480246,0.0008229796,0.00003170895,0.0004822276,0.001706597,0.2593552,0.001119205,0.6786159,0.05618612,0.00008166261],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05863635,0.02613323,0.7407742,0.1261634,0.0006485918,0.0002767385,0.0006412262,0.001232562,0.0454937],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6500778,0.01584098,0.3216655,0.004094677,0.0009113645,0.0004512571,0.0004984131,0.0002121367,0.00624785],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01012279,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1894134179856108,"score_gpt":0.463882884085016,"score_spread":0.2744694660994051,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}