{"id":"W4399901506","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00350-1","title":"Production and modifications of biochar to engineered materials and its application for environmental sustainability: a review","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Biochar","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":153,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Biochar; Sustainability; Production (economics); Environmental science; Waste management; Engineering; Economics; Ecology; Pyrolysis","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001557314,0.0002444693,0.0006068808,0.0001227286,0.00001973075,0.00001205485,0.0001026119,0.0001385498,0.00001567452],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001240762,0.0002165157,0.00006724229,0.0001828181,0.00002591582,0.00004055389,0.00005792366,0.00005256986,0.00002969458],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009916396,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002611999,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":3.944231e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.730143e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990151,0.00001425148,0.0003946505,0.0003744238,0.00007612288,0.0001254521],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995614,0.00002614485,0.00006864648,0.0002387236,0.00003464113,0.00007038915],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002298216,0.00001516966,1.931656e-8,0.3923491,0.00008185038,1.261912e-7,0.00002831122,2.745617e-7,0.2904257,0.000160611,0.0007795519,0.3161569],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004835888,0.0000313292,2.538913e-7,0.01511688,0.001109883,0.00001131303,0.00001799724,0.000007277029,0.2981553,0.00006874001,0.6850339,0.000398741],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0009889907,0.9945093,0.0001024805,0.0001468497,0.000106424,0.003335435,0.0007106783,0.00009822931,0.000001649993],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.004981648,0.9929781,0.00009612189,0.000006977967,0.00006701367,0.001526281,0.0002087725,0.00005348845,0.00008163],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6842544,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8829256,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0190732574514095,"score_gpt":0.2691000975591887,"score_spread":0.2500268401077793,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}