{"id":"W4399901506","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00350-1","title":"Production and modifications of biochar to engineered materials and its application for environmental sustainability: a review","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Biochar","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":153,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Biochar; Sustainability; Production (economics); Environmental science; Waste management; Engineering; Economics; Ecology; Pyrolysis","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004034992,0.001088899,0.0008935286,0.00235868,0.0002460758,0.0007755779,0.000487109,0.0006698773,0.003931221],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004977197,0.0003016838,0.0006162006,0.00279488,0.0002155076,0.0008153407,0.0004247813,0.0008417924,0.001338483],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003383406,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006202893,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000762591,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001332794,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998277,0.0000194264,0.00001589536,0.00003802496,0.00007437482,0.00002449323],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998337,0.00007369518,0.00003385899,0.000008176291,0.00004004182,0.00001047976],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006772467,0.000159099,0.0003314992,0.05863589,0.0002625808,0.0003488954,0.000105066,0.002155724,0.02363623,0.008681539,0.02892412,0.8766917],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001095192,0.0001712442,0.0008538934,0.00304529,0.0002278872,0.0006832255,0.00004872911,0.0004156814,0.00821609,0.001608967,0.9846859,0.0000322547],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001093232,0.9953814,0.000703229,0.0001789345,0.0002250624,0.00001547108,0.00009854898,0.00002163699,0.002282594],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.003810243,0.9942558,0.0005231799,0.0001049908,0.0001024126,0.00001289289,0.00008049954,0.000004114301,0.001105719],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003931221,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01315123,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0190732574514095,"score_gpt":0.2691000975591887,"score_spread":0.2500268401077793,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}