{"id":"W4399978695","doi":"10.1007/s00540-024-03355-z","title":"Understanding three standard study designs for randomized controlled trials","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"editorial","venue":"Journal of Anesthesia","topic":"Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; SickKids Foundation; Hospital for Sick Children","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society","keywords":"Randomized controlled trial; Medicine; Sample size determination; Research design; Clinical study design; Psychological intervention; Placebo; Clinical trial; N of 1 trial; Equivalence (formal languages); Physical therapy; Medical physics; Alternative medicine; Statistics; Surgery; Mathematics; Internal medicine; Psychiatry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.04630035,0.0007727711,0.01148534,0.0012247,0.0003500754,0.00103797,0.001276368,0.0007333077,0.00008716626],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08841594,0.0004513563,0.004636521,0.0004509616,0.0003616049,0.0002866511,0.0000556097,0.002088166,0.00002417341],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000499431,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002241562,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003573592,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003888327,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9823901,0.007490966,0.004333522,0.0007314031,0.004325059,0.0007289209],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8739892,0.1200421,0.004267147,0.0005157177,0.0008148589,0.0003709464],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"randomized_trial","study_design_scores_codex":[0.4457574,0.0002781236,0.000002449026,0.0001795333,0.0006312671,0.005726525,0.0002689982,0.00001512706,0.001220225,0.0007824241,0.5450879,0.00005007187],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.7634084,0.01085257,4.916253e-7,0.001227428,0.007127096,0.001951185,0.0005361362,0.0003958097,0.003370763,0.02708311,0.1830527,0.0009942639],"study_design_candidate":"randomized_trial","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"editorial","genre_scores_codex":[0.01102051,0.003010524,0.03740022,0.005414059,0.8939517,0.04822276,0.0001026469,0.0002629849,0.0006146152],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.054313,0.001884445,0.0003351184,0.0001964035,0.9385787,0.001151039,0.000005902807,0.0004678304,0.003067543],"genre_candidate":"editorial","genre_consensus":"editorial","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3620352,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999999,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2571042210764298,"score_gpt":0.4079005989511794,"score_spread":0.1507963778747496,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}