{"id":"W4399978695","doi":"10.1007/s00540-024-03355-z","title":"Understanding three standard study designs for randomized controlled trials","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"editorial","venue":"Journal of Anesthesia","topic":"Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; SickKids Foundation; Hospital for Sick Children","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society","keywords":"Randomized controlled trial; Medicine; Sample size determination; Research design; Clinical study design; Psychological intervention; Placebo; Clinical trial; N of 1 trial; Equivalence (formal languages); Physical therapy; Medical physics; Alternative medicine; Statistics; Surgery; Mathematics; Internal medicine; Psychiatry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.3060032,0.005433657,0.01385701,0.006078294,0.003185891,0.01564817,0.009920735,0.02422404,0.007845044],"category_scores_gemma":[0.643506,0.00441765,0.01140048,0.004291192,0.0098879,0.00709278,0.002507321,0.04267985,0.003565935],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007011052,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01111758,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001697103,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003465312,"domain_scores_codex":[0.6699701,0.2253946,0.04956157,0.009052836,0.04420871,0.001812128],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.1476508,0.788606,0.01205887,0.01009474,0.03897227,0.002617318],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001822092,0.0000734286,0.0002138285,0.01911919,0.005352542,0.0002405382,0.0003157461,0.0005771855,0.0002052278,0.02279682,0.8865464,0.06273709],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01083437,0.0009420553,0.001620971,0.03033155,0.01403608,0.0006388734,0.0002898546,0.009591642,0.001010577,0.1511761,0.7789994,0.0005286984],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"editorial","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001768377,0.03789356,0.02265585,0.0715974,0.863623,0.0008590663,0.0004927748,0.000634003,0.002067619],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.006440917,0.0261359,0.06174863,0.1367808,0.7580945,0.004004435,0.0003276715,0.0006481583,0.005819164],"genre_candidate":"editorial","genre_consensus":"editorial","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6939968,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8558216,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2571042210764298,"score_gpt":0.4079005989511794,"score_spread":0.1507963778747496,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}