{"id":"W4400059145","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100574","title":"Characterization of low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing signals in hydraulic fracturing stimulation – A coupled flow-geomechanical simulation approach","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","topic":"Drilling and Well Engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council; University of Alberta","keywords":"Hydraulic fracturing; Fracture (geology); Geology; Discretization; Geotechnical engineering; Flow (mathematics); Mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003163571,0.0001707078,0.0002187339,0.0001038623,0.00004993774,0.00003133964,0.00005741732,0.0001134024,0.000006099716],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001688427,0.0001460722,0.00006371408,0.0001255016,0.00001518075,0.0001007492,0.00002483122,0.0001013409,8.231662e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008229475,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005298014,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009883569,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001797854,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999113,0.0000217962,0.0003225157,0.0002025098,0.0001362689,0.000203877],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995945,0.0001806674,0.0000373718,0.0001431264,0.000007185094,0.00003711329],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001946441,0.00001271057,7.53899e-7,0.0001837403,0.00003762141,0.000001103066,0.0001053547,0.9184035,0.07680365,0.001403373,1.676548e-7,0.003028581],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005504964,0.00001980423,0.00002147239,0.0001130423,0.00004220615,0.000001819315,0.000009668117,0.9877172,0.007075454,0.004213089,0.00008261273,0.0001532096],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1650663,0.0002685442,0.8341708,0.00001240591,0.0001614598,0.0001989139,0.00002582794,0.00008831106,0.000007524452],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985204,0.0002658169,0.0007311212,0.00000988559,0.00006284171,0.00003146051,0.0003310317,0.00004071656,0.000006702277],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8334541,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.595665,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005290198264035757,"score_gpt":0.1754598989126535,"score_spread":0.1701697006486177,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}