{"id":"W4400086501","doi":"10.1257/aer.20221687","title":"Organized Crime and Economic Growth: Evidence from Municipalities Infiltrated by the Mafia","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Economic Review","topic":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Organised crime; Criminology; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007214121,0.0001925671,0.0005128689,0.0000241162,0.0002483865,0.0003002457,0.0004602336,0.0000351805,0.001410434],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002248653,0.0001544087,0.0001037969,0.0001214607,0.001115087,0.0005967808,0.00007413622,0.0001724461,0.0005884849],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003748075,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004162389,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3029909,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009888988,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984696,0.0003304954,0.0003923839,0.0004126508,0.00008718395,0.0003076811],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979723,0.001348779,0.000221889,0.0003360761,0.0000162095,0.0001047484],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003389443,0.00002731833,0.005146956,0.0008402004,0.0004808813,0.000009705021,0.02787627,0.000002956808,0.0002513615,0.05070046,0.7236339,0.1909961],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007983336,0.00003738056,0.001621378,0.001527113,0.0001421362,0.000004449309,0.004507968,0.00007094844,0.0001020057,0.001084416,0.9904621,0.0003602456],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4589348,0.5041902,0.000009937036,0.01347287,0.0006986584,0.0005586575,0.0002339317,0.0001577445,0.02174318],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5010478,0.4944643,0.00002231318,0.001798996,0.0002560692,0.00003586162,0.000008133327,0.00002092613,0.002345561],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2931019,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995024,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03284990041986389,"score_gpt":0.3227990537766159,"score_spread":0.289949153356752,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}