{"id":"W4400249368","doi":"10.3390/su16135633","title":"Production Cost of Biocarbon and Biocomposite, and Their Prospects in Sustainable Biobased Industries","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sustainability","topic":"Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Biocomposite; Pulp and paper industry; Sustainable production; Production (economics); Production cost; Raw material; Business; Agricultural engineering; Environmental science; Engineering; Materials science; Economics; Chemistry; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006804697,0.0003218689,0.0002074129,0.0008953934,0.0004371808,0.001623923,0.0005656093,0.0004554297,0.002460272],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009110399,0.0001467021,0.0004775799,0.001158783,0.0003352427,0.00190718,0.0003844522,0.0003978712,0.0002727097],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004499035,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001512471,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01087892,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01822541,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994293,0.00006902736,0.00002356671,0.00006799388,0.0003188455,0.00009119852],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999548,0.0001363913,0.00008155606,0.00002053464,0.0001798725,0.00003355859],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002766404,0.0009068971,0.118816,0.002037761,0.0003169132,0.002750556,0.000279273,0.09924851,0.3244605,0.05365973,0.003358437,0.3913989],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001198263,0.004114971,0.2484932,0.0007199193,0.0007953823,0.002733277,0.003571247,0.1092572,0.4530015,0.01554931,0.1614166,0.0002276231],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9523062,0.009552417,0.004960637,0.0005286647,0.00007041881,0.00007559239,0.000610568,0.00001238953,0.03188311],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.989021,0.003530344,0.002804089,0.00004792422,0.00001255774,0.00003683694,0.0003508464,0.000008217066,0.004188173],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01087892,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0326429,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008019602753287253,"score_gpt":0.2102429381927799,"score_spread":0.2022233354394926,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}