{"id":"W4400249368","doi":"10.3390/su16135633","title":"Production Cost of Biocarbon and Biocomposite, and Their Prospects in Sustainable Biobased Industries","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sustainability","topic":"Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Biocomposite; Pulp and paper industry; Sustainable production; Production (economics); Production cost; Raw material; Business; Agricultural engineering; Environmental science; Engineering; Materials science; Economics; Chemistry; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009344275,0.0001731507,0.0002362547,0.00006217393,0.0001194648,0.0000971569,0.00008356311,0.0001406514,0.00001483005],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004092098,0.00007433902,0.00003143247,0.0007846518,0.0004219306,0.000258363,0.0001439563,0.0001800887,2.293868e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004099606,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001927547,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001077702,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003230453,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986216,0.000108011,0.0002988215,0.0005295331,0.00007817426,0.0003638659],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993383,0.0001596214,0.00004111468,0.00008355417,0.0002990449,0.00007837678],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002094384,0.0003370551,0.6213399,0.002393755,0.00002733394,0.00003287509,0.002712251,0.000006656296,0.00776797,0.02630039,0.0001252556,0.3387471],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001848776,0.0003624122,0.8858635,0.00007003432,0.000008481089,0.00001184187,0.02675482,0.0001220145,0.02254753,0.03617051,0.02757779,0.0003262119],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9876904,0.001306298,0.000002731529,0.009332873,0.00004955894,0.001438201,0.00001036744,0.00006216505,0.0001074053],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993803,0.00004790697,0.00001604437,0.00002739444,0.00003631217,0.00009656146,0.0000127393,0.000001207008,0.0003815308],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3384209,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3031457,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008019602753287253,"score_gpt":0.2102429381927799,"score_spread":0.2022233354394926,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}