{"id":"W4400310753","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2024/17-2/15","title":"Mitigating the shadow: Exploring taxes as solutions","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Shadow (psychology); Economics; Economy; Incentive; Tax reform; Public economics; Market economy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004391494,0.0000724595,0.0001696516,0.0001412541,0.000211127,0.0001095303,0.000201717,0.00001191829,0.0001315906],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005675568,0.00005184933,0.0001484886,0.0001243457,0.00007392715,0.0003467074,0.00009025654,0.0001526928,0.0002281497],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001112873,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001370894,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000313304,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001870889,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992242,0.000007390596,0.0004916317,0.00009478982,0.00007727433,0.0001046626],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993031,0.0001591085,0.0003007368,0.00005349192,0.0001647645,0.00001882492],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001064351,0.00003651336,0.01302391,0.00003044008,0.001835383,0.00002702156,0.006580732,0.0002746873,0.00003847391,0.9144702,0.05695678,0.006715205],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002668188,0.00009156512,0.0340602,0.000403848,0.00002462741,0.0001173689,0.01212381,0.0005170989,0.0001082236,0.206045,0.7460484,0.0001930605],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2475104,0.4883801,0.005248568,0.1156178,0.02081342,0.0001738794,0.0001277083,0.0000822625,0.1220458],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9819002,0.01482123,0.0004213308,0.0003021828,0.0008055154,0.00001600688,3.973723e-7,0.000007203229,0.00172594],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7343897,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2932479,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.230256658872719,"score_gpt":0.3211413522238932,"score_spread":0.09088469335117419,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}