{"id":"W4400405734","doi":"10.1007/s11165-024-10184-3","title":"Pre-service Teachers’ Conceptual Understandings of Models and Modelling in a STEM Methods Course","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Research in Science Education","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Global Challenges Research Fund","keywords":"Science education; Course (navigation); Mathematics education; Pedagogy; Sociology; Psychology; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02661057,0.00006296991,0.0001063306,0.0009783083,0.0003857538,0.0003099098,0.0005052478,0.00006961625,0.00004348459],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003383546,0.0000618672,0.0000137617,0.005999732,0.002889661,0.001492795,0.00006469589,0.0003841319,0.00000422282],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007243537,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01460512,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01180865,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003149742,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969383,0.0008029064,0.0002485059,0.0004378142,0.001070587,0.0005019226],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982878,0.0009541163,0.0000374516,0.000171562,0.0003458874,0.0002032124],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004697478,0.0001023592,0.002576816,0.00002381319,8.787819e-7,2.894234e-7,0.6256367,0.002113712,0.0006092911,0.3277784,0.0001016309,0.04105144],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006685959,0.00002573311,0.001095104,0.0002347866,0.000001665482,9.499273e-7,0.7558873,0.1700533,0.000197357,0.07023933,0.002099077,0.00009849187],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9674376,0.001363037,0.008220454,0.01065601,0.0006726983,0.0003975208,9.268691e-7,0.00001943712,0.01123229],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9948135,0.0002885299,0.004020367,0.0000546976,0.00007886429,0.00003459778,4.84997e-7,0.000004581557,0.0007043517],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2575391,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998239,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.6115872905418496,"score_gpt":0.6279377577545624,"score_spread":0.01635046721271283,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}