{"id":"W4400685978","doi":"10.56553/popets-2024-0151","title":"The Medium is the Message: How Secure Messaging Apps Leak Sensitive Data to Push Notification Services","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","topic":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; Silicon Valley Community Foundation; Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity, University of California Berkeley; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Text messaging; Short Message Service; Computer science; Notification system; Message broker; Push technology; Computer security; Internet privacy; Computer network","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01886462,0.000918783,0.00062086,0.002838022,0.003648298,0.01033019,0.001852756,0.002761161,0.003042729],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08925644,0.001042159,0.0007952061,0.001793617,0.005882449,0.02148822,0.005693258,0.003603098,0.001226104],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002512993,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00298189,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005046254,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003291975,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9773889,0.01207816,0.001467383,0.001723967,0.005760632,0.001580986],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9102671,0.0562783,0.01135599,0.01335878,0.007935454,0.0008043426],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00170069,0.0009982161,0.2337589,0.001672153,0.00046661,0.006460967,0.1147982,0.009270512,0.02421559,0.2390462,0.02089851,0.3467135],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002303767,0.001549334,0.1201351,0.004899631,0.00156468,0.01406054,0.1037278,0.1573726,0.1118158,0.3077014,0.1759172,0.001025777],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7791982,0.001877182,0.1659131,0.01416541,0.0003088785,0.0008327766,0.0004616668,0.002473815,0.0347691],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9756173,0.0006431322,0.01857978,0.00119819,0.00006077604,0.0001226538,0.0001125289,0.0002962223,0.003369349],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01886462,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09976685,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03791896706977171,"score_gpt":0.3115293835879056,"score_spread":0.2736104165181338,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}