{"id":"W4400685978","doi":"10.56553/popets-2024-0151","title":"The Medium is the Message: How Secure Messaging Apps Leak Sensitive Data to Push Notification Services","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","topic":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; Silicon Valley Community Foundation; Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity, University of California Berkeley; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Text messaging; Short Message Service; Computer science; Notification system; Message broker; Push technology; Computer security; Internet privacy; Computer network","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003588594,0.000316369,0.0002321203,0.0002577121,0.002718427,0.002560168,0.004958763,0.0003147813,0.000005710409],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005955181,0.000202545,0.00006647709,0.00165227,0.0005187996,0.001665128,0.003353903,0.0009572824,0.0001019818],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002464823,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001597531,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003752495,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001033444,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969304,0.00006093379,0.0003171968,0.001053024,0.0009258729,0.0007125261],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975529,0.000559643,0.0001990389,0.001285829,0.0003305796,0.0000720516],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001605601,0.0001360227,0.0004506593,0.001093685,0.000400319,0.00001922285,0.1820261,0.000002989079,0.06334426,0.2901323,0.2210138,0.2412201],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009164491,0.00006732329,0.000188065,0.0006316234,0.00007284028,0.00000762609,0.1622098,0.001208007,0.1459845,0.04553233,0.643565,0.000441236],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1086974,0.002926933,0.003780126,0.868246,0.001507832,0.002460958,0.0001050778,0.00737689,0.004898788],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955427,0.002088243,0.0007894245,0.00058369,0.0003355255,0.0002044957,0.00002191968,0.00003906105,0.0003949541],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8868452,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985799,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03791896706977171,"score_gpt":0.3115293835879056,"score_spread":0.2736104165181338,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}