{"id":"W4400853911","doi":"10.1007/s12108-024-09632-4","title":"Theory Figures and Causal Claims in Sociology","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The American Sociologist","topic":"Contemporary Sociological Theory and Practice","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Arrow; Epistemology; Causal model; Causal analysis; Sociology; Causal theory of reference; Representation (politics); Causal structure; Causality (physics); Sociology of knowledge; Causal reasoning; Cognition; Psychology; Social science; Law; Econometrics; Philosophy; Computer science; Political science; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005630125,0.0001228784,0.0002656023,0.00003838325,0.0005732263,0.00006156375,0.0003184791,0.0001265763,0.0002044604],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009135606,0.00008036965,0.00008061552,0.0002270399,0.01766574,0.000147176,0.00008888131,0.0006684196,0.00008780137],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007521263,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000143662,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001443964,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001894236,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9942195,0.004819999,0.0001857201,0.0002983878,0.0001064751,0.000369943],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9899451,0.009724301,0.00009014407,0.0001590602,0.00001708604,0.00006431904],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009073578,0.00001531798,0.00307549,0.000005439001,0.00003775317,0.00004876214,0.04738296,0.000001698476,0.00006432371,0.9214137,0.001655002,0.02620885],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006708586,0.0001333912,0.01172951,0.00001114894,0.00001629462,0.000004411796,0.07291099,0.00001170676,0.000002388327,0.801373,0.1135855,0.0001545872],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9271536,0.007877188,0.0001418401,0.02403261,0.0002724512,0.0001979867,0.00001080393,0.0002043677,0.04010914],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9910958,0.003016022,0.00003818976,0.003275312,0.0003579026,0.00003238974,0.000003908898,0.000008879504,0.0021716],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1200407,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9850076,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05552023601961931,"score_gpt":0.391930046083337,"score_spread":0.3364098100637177,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}