{"id":"W4401014394","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-323-88459-4.00002-x","title":"Historical perspective","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Pharmaceutical studies and practices","field":"Medicine","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University; Hospital for Sick Children","funders":"","keywords":"Perspective (graphical); Sociology; History; Computer science; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001363589,0.0003238107,0.0006114364,0.00009194985,0.00007813863,0.00002415426,0.00008460259,0.0002496356,0.001001656],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000500435,0.0002485047,0.0003757048,0.00001103697,0.00009130088,0.00001900117,0.000140603,0.001158046,0.001461063],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001386762,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009943141,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002350769,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003294845,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986763,0.000007796286,0.000273887,0.000454275,0.0003552416,0.0002324864],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991879,0.0001023596,0.0000893038,0.0002638897,0.0001346243,0.0002218679],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001158937,0.00001664316,0.000002311152,0.0002588534,0.0007846407,0.0007332611,0.0004032078,8.887265e-9,0.00001218363,0.08314894,0.007684233,0.9068398],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002216179,0.0001616904,0.000003637911,0.0003601456,0.001340722,0.0001175037,0.00003295313,0.000001529903,0.000007197051,0.03740995,0.9601014,0.0002416509],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.000001352984,0.06851486,3.678373e-7,0.004835909,0.0009401909,0.0003618871,0.000009056045,0.0001140802,0.9252223],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0002139892,0.001658676,0.00007543799,0.001212976,0.001565458,0.00001943173,0.000002575609,0.00008386475,0.9951676],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9524172,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999967,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06044847695660253,"score_gpt":0.3506230968358838,"score_spread":0.2901746198792813,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}