{"id":"W4401035579","doi":"10.54254/2753-8818/43/20240824","title":"From the standard model to M-theory: The development of string theory","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theoretical and Natural Science","topic":"Black Holes and Theoretical Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Superstring theory; Non-critical string theory; String phenomenology; Relationship between string theory and quantum field theory; Heterotic string theory; Physics; Green–Schwarz mechanism; String field theory; String theory; Theoretical physics; Type I string theory; Quantum gravity; Theory of everything (philosophy); Compactification (mathematics); Supersymmetry; String (physics); String cosmology; Particle physics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics; Quantum; Pure mathematics; Epistemology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001609067,0.0001267021,0.0001291258,0.00001971796,0.0003563273,0.0001530312,0.0005226741,0.00001922002,0.000151873],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000428968,0.00005454067,0.00005246601,0.0003855344,0.00259781,0.00009755763,0.000353487,0.0002791803,0.00001630775],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001593492,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001711861,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004496994,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.129843e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988067,0.00006841139,0.0001765678,0.0002798807,0.0003850955,0.000283311],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998832,0.0007563017,0.00002030064,0.0002236373,0.00006033432,0.0001074534],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005338842,0.000007936931,0.00001826596,0.000002802455,0.00001558422,1.30947e-7,0.002086984,0.00002046987,0.001070599,0.9199139,0.00001899486,0.07679094],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005620637,0.00001721409,0.0001282763,0.0000543388,0.00002123448,1.705659e-7,0.0006961164,0.004855785,0.01753469,0.9762974,0.0002404362,0.00009806954],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8642403,0.0002544352,0.1271177,0.001530511,0.0001638777,0.0001763723,0.00004711041,0.00002522325,0.00644447],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984793,0.000001255193,0.001168529,0.0001381305,0.0001424069,0.000006486963,0.00000186884,0.000007761159,0.00005423953],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.134239,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9571738,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006666375959264641,"score_gpt":0.2545317734052596,"score_spread":0.247865397445995,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}