{"id":"W4401070260","doi":"10.1109/access.2024.3435497","title":"Fake News Detection Using Deep Learning: A Systematic Literature Review","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Access","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Fake news; Social media; Data science; Focus (optics); Process (computing); Deep learning; Artificial intelligence; Polling; Class (philosophy); Witness; Transfer of learning; Internet privacy; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000725948,0.00008645386,0.0001721358,0.0001169003,0.0003098953,0.001347146,0.0002138655,0.00007923604,0.0001501362],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005456658,0.00006762013,0.00007485338,0.0009727926,0.00002505943,0.001712873,0.00001570005,0.0001942858,0.0001309386],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001016298,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007388688,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001401071,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003127824,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998879,0.0002362871,0.0002622183,0.0001134612,0.0003233717,0.0001857206],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995309,0.00007577057,0.00009460159,0.00010997,0.00009046272,0.00009834509],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001563412,0.00005235,0.0001408176,0.6373903,0.0001870692,0.0001024742,0.2103272,0.0007995759,0.0006934124,0.004654424,0.008464536,0.1371723],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004266113,0.0001041325,0.0002419952,0.659669,0.0006084316,0.0001934461,0.01411641,0.05506968,0.00109756,0.001092033,0.2660513,0.001329416],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1613832,0.6023725,0.05757295,0.004148446,0.01251613,0.005689258,0.000009436628,0.002373067,0.1539351],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.970172,0.0262692,0.00003930894,0.001130236,0.0004125843,0.000008972409,0.000002711602,0.00001312601,0.001951867],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8087888,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996896,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05638627664275919,"score_gpt":0.3973145447769169,"score_spread":0.3409282681341577,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}