{"id":"W4401108601","doi":"10.1007/s11214-024-01087-w","title":"Strong Gravitational Lensing as a Probe of Dark Matter","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Space Science Reviews","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":56,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute; Université de Montréal; Centre for Research in Astrophysics of Québec; Perimeter Institute; University of Toronto","funders":"H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Fonds de recherche du Québec; Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé; Schmidt Family Foundation; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Chinese Academy of Sciences; H2020 European Research Council; Canada Research Chairs; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; National Research Foundation; European Commission; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Dark matter; Physics; Gravitational lens; Weak gravitational lensing; Strong gravitational lensing; Astrophysics; Galaxy; Astronomy; Gravitation; Redshift","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001150964,0.0002358779,0.0002886087,0.001526498,0.000155943,0.0009715799,0.0002070335,0.0005443676,0.001276752],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001548468,0.0001031865,0.0001487766,0.001343366,0.0009159117,0.0007941562,0.000597236,0.0007905862,0.000338103],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007060829,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002577148,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001376651,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00211785,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996806,0.0001273648,0.00001330081,0.00005779927,0.00009054464,0.0000302911],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986786,0.0006565599,0.0003371083,0.00004754803,0.0001883657,0.00009171872],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000313228,0.00006199985,0.09603564,0.00567549,0.0006330899,0.0005230953,0.0008480814,0.001087812,0.02120685,0.0931771,0.03093287,0.7495047],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002732325,0.0003686227,0.2772158,0.003885914,0.0003647401,0.001943638,0.001256572,0.0008724679,0.01147827,0.05443624,0.6480482,0.0001021687],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.03433642,0.9477361,0.001964197,0.004583437,0.0002710066,0.000009005745,0.0002392768,0.00002900582,0.01083136],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.366737,0.6241565,0.002064357,0.002009039,0.001426011,0.00001640195,0.0002964731,0.00001513856,0.003279038],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001526498,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006086946,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01786592197073883,"score_gpt":0.2842243068291111,"score_spread":0.2663583848583723,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}