{"id":"W4401183950","doi":"10.1111/itor.13522","title":"Conversational and generative artificial intelligence and human–chatbot interaction in education and research","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Transactions in Operational Research","topic":"AI in Service Interactions","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":107,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"Kent State University","keywords":"Chatbot; Generative grammar; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Cognitive science; Natural language processing; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02512406,0.0005280604,0.0003897424,0.004407603,0.004994079,0.01074076,0.00171581,0.002616626,0.006955171],"category_scores_gemma":[0.06030584,0.0005298571,0.0004068476,0.002750792,0.01214457,0.00978809,0.008092521,0.002641143,0.00116356],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00388992,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0039109,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002315882,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002468492,"domain_scores_codex":[0.964188,0.02950537,0.0009270664,0.001754646,0.002472164,0.001152763],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8746464,0.1018291,0.007812886,0.005938733,0.004669935,0.005102852],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003142334,0.0003087691,0.05008634,0.001931574,0.00007634891,0.001633088,0.4040859,0.001868614,0.005181035,0.2487422,0.009913192,0.2758587],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008474168,0.0004982812,0.05022407,0.004169965,0.0000975381,0.002470488,0.2948514,0.02072332,0.007972913,0.2722206,0.3464577,0.0002290279],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.581394,0.01507216,0.153755,0.04249208,0.001040342,0.000396908,0.0003213805,0.001431768,0.2040964],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9832392,0.001046011,0.01089632,0.001174129,0.0001341979,0.0001906288,0.00006308821,0.00008161637,0.003174803],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02512406,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1328703,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2065954010181272,"score_gpt":0.5026670254648116,"score_spread":0.2960716244466844,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}