{"id":"W4401193885","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e83","title":"Search for Gravitational-lensing Signatures in the Full Third Observing Run of the LIGO–Virgo Network","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Polytechnique Montréal; Perimeter Institute; University of British Columbia","funders":"European Social Fund; Great Southern Development Commission, Government of Western Australia; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Science and Technology Council; ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research; Division of Human Resource Development; Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; Vlaamse regering; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Ministry of Education, India; National Research Foundation of Korea; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund; Generalitat Valenciana; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Generalitat de Catalunya; U.S. Department of Energy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Govern de les Illes Balears; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej; Academia Sinica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; European Commission; Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics; Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; National Research Foundation; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Institut des Origines de Lyon; Russian Science Foundation; Leverhulme Trust; Scottish Funding Council; European Regional Development Fund; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; Science and Engineering Research Board; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; LIGO; Astrophysics; Gravitational lens; Strong gravitational lensing; Gravitational wave; Cosmology; Astronomy; Dark matter; Binary black hole; Sky; Redshift; Galaxy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002071708,0.0003101155,0.000495293,0.00217516,0.0005533554,0.0008801206,0.0005053164,0.0004129093,0.000895039],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004536635,0.0002153123,0.0007104997,0.001359196,0.0003006353,0.0004014144,0.001641089,0.0004313125,0.0002252947],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005607466,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005886211,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009907096,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01784362,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987174,0.0002603148,0.00005202851,0.0002955483,0.000372921,0.0003018469],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9949641,0.001114894,0.001409339,0.0009264851,0.0004211635,0.00116403],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004206167,0.00007441479,0.9805038,0.00001412821,0.0002884539,0.0001679622,0.0001581251,0.002801469,0.006417646,0.0002388832,0.0003112553,0.00860324],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001540384,0.00008673906,0.9857737,0.00000735268,0.00008739543,0.0001441631,0.0000834501,0.01094599,0.00198862,0.000221524,0.0006293551,0.00001625962],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.998268,0.00002434419,0.0006492363,0.0000267933,0.000001967171,0.000007463333,0.0005584994,0.00005811671,0.0004054004],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970376,0.00001010242,0.001176358,0.00001017633,0.000004214423,0.000008143028,0.001618812,0.00001324745,0.0001213121],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009907096,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01969886,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01996822902916491,"score_gpt":0.3240097740325562,"score_spread":0.3040415450033913,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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