{"id":"W4401218463","doi":"10.1111/irj.12441","title":"Use it or lose it: The problem of labour underutilization among immigrant workers in Canada","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial Relations Journal","topic":"Employment and Welfare Studies","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Immigration; Underemployment; Disadvantage; Unemployment; Labour economics; Human capital; Work (physics); Wage; Economics; Demographic economics; Economic growth; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009428571,0.000118227,0.0001897178,0.0001818331,0.0007578669,0.00004334319,0.0001350496,0.0001707213,0.0008942278],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000532505,0.00007038015,0.00005389194,0.0008560332,0.00005889009,0.0003275276,0.0000527278,0.00154507,0.00001351172],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008329308,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005370483,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.6429751,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9615146,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978337,0.0005041559,0.0008751477,0.0001228276,0.0003554025,0.0003087779],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978408,0.001540477,0.0002612871,0.0001137478,0.0001662755,0.00007741277],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008217245,0.0000142796,0.8264635,0.0000201053,0.00009540487,0.00002764637,0.00315626,0.001259194,0.000002833633,0.001512996,0.1651776,0.002187995],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00208291,0.00009128354,0.5782105,0.004305564,0.0001586192,0.00001469647,0.05066522,0.0008853356,0.000006433676,0.002082027,0.3612267,0.000270654],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9398973,0.0002889308,0.0001995802,0.05465958,0.00168478,0.000845094,0.00005674587,0.00002246157,0.002345526],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9817336,0.0001730046,0.00003907995,0.0001949307,0.0004417634,0.00002906394,0.000006737737,0.00001752462,0.01736434],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3185395,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9791167,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1742137815913861,"score_gpt":0.3895796640078313,"score_spread":0.2153658824164451,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}