{"id":"W4401434996","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114646","title":"Development, modeling, and optimization of ground source heat pump systems for cold climates: A comprehensive review","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Energy and Buildings","topic":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Heat pump; Environmental science; Cold climate; Meteorology; Engineering; Mechanical engineering; Heat exchanger; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009467888,0.00157318,0.001665582,0.001426287,0.0003132211,0.001595813,0.001461328,0.001187689,0.003485133],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00113463,0.0007583126,0.002133148,0.002198853,0.0003767255,0.00187967,0.0007802615,0.0009756581,0.00176244],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005756,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001520627,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002422256,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002096935,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994726,0.00008385708,0.00006550288,0.0001036797,0.0002393235,0.0000350364],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995005,0.0002130468,0.00007433948,0.00003385201,0.0001608194,0.00001740141],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001069141,0.0001274623,0.001693868,0.03341803,0.0003631793,0.0001854357,0.0001424385,0.1677817,0.01130015,0.01620525,0.01391258,0.754763],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005484839,0.0007816047,0.003752469,0.006414191,0.0008361904,0.0006456057,0.0002606737,0.2034761,0.01479704,0.01452072,0.7542123,0.0002484002],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.006382463,0.8213171,0.1586616,0.0006644212,0.0005717845,0.0001294506,0.0006774263,0.00062237,0.01097347],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.05532854,0.8947766,0.04377013,0.0002418866,0.0005384875,0.0002451125,0.001119164,0.0001999579,0.003780127],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003485133,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01165897,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04639113911105665,"score_gpt":0.2934978949742256,"score_spread":0.247106755863169,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}