{"id":"W4401799932","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2024.100440","title":"MD&amp;A tone and stock returns","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","topic":"Financial Markets and Investment Strategies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Brock University","funders":"","keywords":"Tone (literature); Stock (firearms); Accounting; Business; Linguistics; Materials science; Philosophy; Metallurgy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009533523,0.000161146,0.0001047839,0.0008770822,0.0003477328,0.001411241,0.0001851463,0.0003191722,0.002968069],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008387581,0.00006814449,0.000108463,0.0005967271,0.0003517285,0.0008635605,0.0007331801,0.0003602269,0.0003773473],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004241618,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002414659,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001715994,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002325727,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995547,0.0001075657,0.00005389725,0.00004267634,0.0001893476,0.00005180811],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9874356,0.002921059,0.007602443,0.000398811,0.0008659662,0.0007761709],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003081367,0.0001214454,0.9610273,0.00007636837,0.00008189864,0.0004107946,0.001898732,0.0004038602,0.004431795,0.002304776,0.0006989597,0.02823588],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005374917,0.00008445307,0.9938287,0.00002026945,0.00003553507,0.0001380421,0.001303217,0.0009288194,0.0009924405,0.0006797673,0.00196847,0.00001492711],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.995779,0.0001587208,0.0001109815,0.0001767252,0.00001094458,0.00000532645,0.0001245063,0.000003948788,0.003629848],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999132,0.00008768252,0.0000806533,0.00002171777,0.00003025255,0.000002407098,0.00006471861,0.000001055686,0.0005794116],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002968069,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00992918,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05036250772576249,"score_gpt":0.2541007112562512,"score_spread":0.2037382035304887,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}