{"id":"W4401873378","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v25i3.7677","title":"The Effects of Duolingo, an AI-Integrated Technology, on EFL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate and Engagement in Online Classes","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Education and Learning Interventions","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Willingness to communicate; Computer science; Educational technology; Multimedia; Mathematics education; Psychology; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000935326,0.0003664245,0.0004955173,0.0005633211,0.0004291362,0.0006892722,0.0004029002,0.0004152331,0.001611269],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005241501,0.0001584828,0.0002528722,0.0002368924,0.0004907247,0.0005338765,0.001032364,0.0005660062,0.0001589975],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003389258,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003341473,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004052619,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008998652,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992998,0.0003037734,0.00005095023,0.0001191167,0.0001241982,0.0001020733],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964339,0.002522193,0.0003230977,0.0001329911,0.0001094441,0.000478415],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01540598,0.1041613,0.05023348,0.004223182,0.0003166293,0.0009271753,0.02293895,0.001060745,0.1500421,0.001187211,0.001034554,0.6484687],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002965078,0.2017067,0.6738278,0.001009149,0.001086844,0.000835473,0.02383143,0.00378112,0.06631683,0.001775251,0.02260518,0.0002590604],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9989688,0.0000964733,0.0001661941,0.0000285283,0.00000654571,0.00005515166,0.000006749964,0.00001294421,0.0006587163],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957074,0.0002975835,0.002496389,0.0000650533,0.000008460031,0.0002734066,0.00002786806,0.000006066987,0.001117819],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001611269,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005390227,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09423394594475222,"score_gpt":0.4831003617846777,"score_spread":0.3888664158399255,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}