{"id":"W4401873738","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v25i3.7756","title":"The Use of Deep Learning in Open Learning: A Systematic Review (2019 to 2023)","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Online Learning and Analytics","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open learning; Educational technology; Computer science; Distance education; Open education; Psychology; Mathematics education; Teaching method; World Wide Web; Cooperative learning","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01143654,0.001272644,0.004726092,0.01233774,0.0006123564,0.002814019,0.001915888,0.001716573,0.005590111],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04644419,0.0008542939,0.005497092,0.01054317,0.0008943992,0.003129427,0.002234277,0.001436955,0.0006398229],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003891764,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01710905,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006973937,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02448296,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9920448,0.00257211,0.002875644,0.0005860215,0.001645447,0.0002759795],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9688812,0.02089955,0.004688667,0.0005495504,0.004531746,0.0004492256],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001483119,0.0000224971,0.0004693583,0.8416651,0.002365763,0.00007039076,0.0002280111,0.0001195006,0.0002049914,0.0006804404,0.005169082,0.1488566],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009658062,0.0001277354,0.001670155,0.9368329,0.01253458,0.0002095487,0.0002714657,0.00006873803,0.0001791777,0.0005914382,0.04738872,0.00002904072],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004590577,0.9973841,0.000327788,0.0006362505,0.0002208372,0.000222702,0.0004011901,0.00001238558,0.0003356652],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.004581799,0.992952,0.0007888892,0.0007546722,0.00009065095,0.0004610964,0.0002153423,0.000007933655,0.0001475065],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01233774,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06048292,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1823712620846542,"score_gpt":0.4991149139384591,"score_spread":0.316743651853805,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}