{"id":"W4402073659","doi":"10.5539/elt.v17n9p107","title":"Analysing Refusal Strategies in Kuwaiti Arabic and British English: Cross-Cultural Pragmatics","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"English Language Teaching","topic":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Pragmatics; Psychology; Arabic; British English; Set (abstract data type); Test (biology); Linguistics; Social psychology; Cross-cultural; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008895986,0.0002696732,0.0003289322,0.0002230868,0.0004557358,0.009502137,0.0003538931,0.00009377634,0.0005421564],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009310696,0.0002320186,0.0001007485,0.0001091958,0.0004472751,0.003369152,0.0001515479,0.001046037,0.00001176182],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000089669,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007889786,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002481505,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0106499,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981111,0.0002894156,0.0004912757,0.0004091715,0.0002891281,0.0004099455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988877,0.0003960691,0.0000947027,0.000412393,0.0001309051,0.00007821336],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003983767,0.000041896,0.0002761293,0.0001455644,0.00005800044,0.0001854673,0.7708118,0.0001193407,0.00006401227,0.2199814,0.0003089521,0.008003457],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003746036,0.00003207437,0.0004316933,0.0007586044,0.00006369311,0.00002519148,0.9738641,0.001477793,0.00002786022,0.002160611,0.02028756,0.0004961541],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7971008,0.00759155,0.00003153748,0.00006403814,0.0005849006,0.0001423448,0.00005080916,0.0006401149,0.1937939],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950397,0.00009105697,0.0005377057,0.00006524128,0.001621708,0.00002489424,0.0001576728,0.00005284039,0.002409189],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2178208,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9915261,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01915488270530492,"score_gpt":0.3205162441065962,"score_spread":0.3013613614012913,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}