{"id":"W4402677855","doi":"10.1119/5.0151379","title":"What is a degree of freedom? Configuration spaces and their topology","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Differential Geometry Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación","keywords":"Physics; Topology (electrical circuits); Degree (music); Theoretical physics; Classical mechanics; Combinatorics; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002588342,0.0005352701,0.0008106371,0.002499596,0.002249504,0.005764522,0.001273448,0.002095347,0.004361835],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006915939,0.0003729762,0.0006456649,0.001841348,0.01644282,0.01298109,0.002990161,0.003047675,0.000603796],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001258232,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008161865,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001128372,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004561745,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977493,0.001007331,0.0001156253,0.0004071722,0.0004932619,0.0002273355],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9958762,0.002156686,0.0003652315,0.0005781963,0.0004383016,0.0005854506],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000291998,0.000002232771,0.00008612542,0.00001832325,0.000002183929,0.00001777824,0.000186438,0.0003183653,0.0001312541,0.9974179,0.0002420091,0.001574316],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001951794,0.000006226946,0.0001225331,0.00002238519,0.00000132442,0.00004847116,0.0001264615,0.0007969381,0.00009157632,0.9943628,0.004411221,0.000007948823],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1991228,0.02057566,0.5150717,0.0440579,0.002024899,0.0001141265,0.0006657401,0.0004482155,0.217919],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9424784,0.005014203,0.04302725,0.001041241,0.0006561149,0.0001248104,0.0001643777,0.0001130085,0.007380479],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.005764522,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01459181,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02184427778703455,"score_gpt":0.3107770236120317,"score_spread":0.2889327458249971,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}