{"id":"W4402677855","doi":"10.1119/5.0151379","title":"What is a degree of freedom? Configuration spaces and their topology","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Differential Geometry Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación","keywords":"Physics; Topology (electrical circuits); Degree (music); Theoretical physics; Classical mechanics; Combinatorics; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000785479,0.0000906079,0.0002634074,0.00006963775,0.00002540591,0.00007847094,0.0001010354,0.000009828454,0.000121978],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003599561,0.00006592868,0.00009517255,0.0002555744,0.000333649,0.0003871649,0.00003194082,0.0001785733,0.00000355257],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008983075,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006286801,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005216701,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.153332e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994158,0.00004308937,0.0001950971,0.00009275945,0.0001266594,0.0001265624],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993564,0.0001574933,0.0001995494,0.0000907486,0.0001346407,0.00006120393],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003587299,0.00005636836,0.00224055,0.00001923785,0.0002473117,0.000002137703,0.001979557,0.00007807722,0.01446043,0.02037898,0.0001501101,0.9603513],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002486475,0.006941367,0.009216852,0.001299367,0.000394608,0.00007332706,0.1195581,0.01060027,0.500641,0.3333296,0.01432978,0.001129261],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8551046,0.0009087741,0.1425516,0.0005657694,0.0002758167,0.00005400035,0.00001967645,0.00000448381,0.0005152302],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988827,0.0001118685,0.0004776884,0.00001549404,0.0004073204,9.668944e-7,0.000002123084,0.00001011791,0.00009170838],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9592221,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2688494,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02184427778703455,"score_gpt":0.3107770236120317,"score_spread":0.2889327458249971,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}