{"id":"W4402761546","doi":"10.30574/gscarr.2024.20.3.0341","title":"Structural and molecular modifications of woody biomass under minimal torrefaction conditions toward making durable pellets","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"GSC Advanced Research and Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Torrefaction; Pellets; Biomass (ecology); Pulp and paper industry; Woody plant; Environmental science; Materials science; Waste management; Pyrolysis; Agronomy; Botany; Composite material; Engineering; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001603311,0.0001042142,0.0001720632,0.0001401332,0.00008238562,0.00004428724,0.00007970003,0.0000581463,0.00008047142],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006497822,0.00008301359,0.00003543541,0.0003592163,0.0001563535,0.0001773042,0.00004444641,0.0001853294,0.00001613045],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003929855,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001894362,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002482757,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001126427,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991749,0.00004014703,0.0002138083,0.0002082274,0.0001518346,0.0002110618],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995976,0.0000992847,0.00001940108,0.0001332708,0.00006742198,0.0000829844],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006148476,0.000004918149,0.00000681564,0.001485611,0.00002250115,0.000003904604,0.00009265773,0.00002949859,0.9806529,0.001552266,0.0004094116,0.01573337],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004117412,0.0001274521,0.0004460572,0.001277423,0.00004203244,0.00005850724,0.0008089775,0.004351396,0.934747,0.01212906,0.04518888,0.0004114242],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8643203,0.1316116,0.001997424,0.0005255081,0.0001443928,0.0004676135,0.00004544821,0.0001139565,0.0007737467],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9888085,0.01004889,0.0009409777,0.000007131188,0.00001702442,0.00004223472,0.0000167238,0.00001554892,0.0001030342],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1244881,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3385196,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06489569115013563,"score_gpt":0.36209551635559,"score_spread":0.2971998252054543,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}