{"id":"W4402934780","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00366-7","title":"Biochar is a long-lived form of carbon removal, making evidence-based CDR projects possible","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biochar","topic":"Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Biochar; Carbon fibers; Environmental science; Natural resource economics; Waste management; Materials science; Economics; Pyrolysis; Engineering; Composite number; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00373695,0.001173015,0.0007037903,0.002504935,0.0005394568,0.00259297,0.0009505679,0.001668688,0.05765023],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003908941,0.0002877575,0.000913468,0.00258628,0.0008422101,0.001710867,0.001444517,0.001726466,0.009405385],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001364574,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002674869,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001253773,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004261916,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979227,0.0004938593,0.00008009392,0.0002835052,0.001030058,0.0001898388],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980433,0.000641517,0.0004058342,0.0002403751,0.0004896885,0.0001792128],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004747241,0.0003003316,0.003706943,0.01620517,0.0006030207,0.0006432873,0.0001925307,0.00804408,0.05867139,0.1135506,0.09681517,0.7007927],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008910654,0.0009230926,0.004328408,0.002313505,0.0002919769,0.0004800966,0.0003318642,0.002242883,0.08291865,0.035913,0.8700764,0.00009108552],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.07909463,0.1620534,0.3353588,0.05198804,0.006573834,0.003535519,0.04573425,0.005723724,0.3099378],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4976229,0.1617091,0.2422386,0.005107952,0.001952328,0.001197257,0.01224571,0.0007403959,0.07718583],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.05765023,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1928592,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04678737290575758,"score_gpt":0.2695736740000169,"score_spread":0.2227863010942593,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}