{"id":"W4403008038","doi":"10.1364/optica.534596","title":"Shadow of a laser beam","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optica","topic":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; University of Waterloo; University of Ottawa","funders":"Brookhaven National Laboratory; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada First Research Excellence Fund; Canada Research Chairs; Government of Canada; Laboratory Directed Research and Development; Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Shadow (psychology); Optics; Laser; Beam (structure); Laser beams; Physics; Psychology; Psychoanalysis","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001216023,0.0001763495,0.0002375086,0.0002971933,0.0005052473,0.0008986524,0.0003144533,0.0003971137,0.004469971],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006059778,0.0002255535,0.0002039799,0.0002202749,0.000836178,0.0004844446,0.0006996089,0.0004955099,0.0003827956],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005442973,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004907816,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001222579,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009801399,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997279,0.00001754633,0.000007488353,0.00006046412,0.0001373526,0.00004917527],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994672,0.000162875,0.0000982717,0.00009847828,0.000110356,0.00006289184],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001018349,0.00001550929,0.001535283,0.00006457871,0.00001190293,0.0003260772,0.0003819365,0.0005955866,0.9789597,0.00478448,0.0003176957,0.01290531],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004374969,0.000263968,0.02202029,0.00005235564,0.00003154396,0.001520903,0.0005346992,0.01036761,0.9471636,0.002239646,0.01571511,0.00004675207],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9452676,0.0004710185,0.02961075,0.0001704409,0.0001021306,0.00004071224,0.0001452593,0.000247961,0.02394423],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9869644,0.0001687971,0.008063296,0.00009514988,0.00002012035,0.00001600229,0.00006960577,0.00003934553,0.004563243],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004469971,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01495349,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006127409059948912,"score_gpt":0.2568550908647159,"score_spread":0.250727681804767,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}