{"id":"W4403299720","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c07546","title":"Spontaneous Production of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at the Liquid–Ice Interface: A Potential Source of Atmospheric Oxidants","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"nanoparticles nucleation surface interactions","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche; H2020 European Research Council; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Interface (matter); Production (economics); Environmental science; Atmospheric chemistry; Liquid liquid; Atmospheric sciences; Meteorology; Chemistry; Chemical engineering; Engineering; Geology; Physics; Chromatography; Ozone; Pulmonary surfactant","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004287935,0.0001893306,0.0001970342,0.0001428238,0.0003525627,0.00003960261,0.0005648021,0.0001161266,0.0004419323],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008248652,0.000148516,0.00008085716,0.001378884,0.003076209,0.0004584332,0.0001883372,0.000282436,0.0007937711],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001212227,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005905078,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007129378,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002734145,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979098,0.00006028591,0.0004181989,0.0005996628,0.0005743496,0.0004377006],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991875,0.00007234111,0.000187217,0.0004518844,0.00001815491,0.00008296114],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008174459,0.00005219995,0.00205514,0.000008743954,0.00001559871,0.000031775,0.0003023885,0.0159334,0.9352472,0.000006974029,0.00006736982,0.04619742],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008087836,0.0004001939,0.01140034,0.00003565223,0.000030277,0.001171808,0.001150851,0.006575646,0.9776445,0.00006220429,0.001295039,0.0001526109],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966406,0.0006892933,0.0002816454,0.0009959365,0.00083125,0.0003228808,0.00002740842,0.0001327882,0.00007825393],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994496,0.0001824884,0.0001750085,0.00002780102,0.00003096908,0.000005285759,0.000005946201,0.00001042867,0.0001125055],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04604481,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999842,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003985879891275505,"score_gpt":0.192347857698473,"score_spread":0.1883619778071975,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}