{"id":"W4403779559","doi":"10.33423/jabe.v26i5.7290","title":"Managerial Self-References in Corporate Disclosures: An Analysis of MD&A","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Applied Business and Economics","topic":"Impact of AI and Big Data on Business and Society","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"MacEwan University","funders":"Lingnan University; MacEwan University; Western Washington University","keywords":"Accounting; Business; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003738827,0.0001373363,0.0001643404,0.005158772,0.000553267,0.001278396,0.0002861349,0.0003002992,0.001317386],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03998469,0.000100251,0.0001016816,0.004365577,0.0005855307,0.001588084,0.00119911,0.0002922893,0.0003655414],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003386509,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000400551,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009158524,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001562968,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9958171,0.002148542,0.0006485472,0.0003056989,0.0009560088,0.0001241211],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9102687,0.05580087,0.02508861,0.002466492,0.00548172,0.0008935102],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000366739,0.0002047441,0.821495,0.0006389765,0.00007357774,0.0009384987,0.05535063,0.0003947656,0.009907812,0.002891597,0.002946425,0.1047913],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001357445,0.0001320909,0.9248068,0.0002562623,0.00006681695,0.00161238,0.03456751,0.00598973,0.005086614,0.002165127,0.02523897,0.00006417333],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962087,0.0003748667,0.0009721449,0.000151989,0.00001489384,0.00001923852,0.0005683844,0.00001689501,0.001672969],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963754,0.000215544,0.00165758,0.00005030326,0.00004343846,0.00003011435,0.0009079119,0.00001489825,0.000704817],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005158772,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01977301,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1143460282336338,"score_gpt":0.3287209367121776,"score_spread":0.2143749084785438,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}