{"id":"W4403997411","doi":"10.1080/15435075.2024.2414230","title":"2-D modeling of torrefaction of a large biomass particle: effect of <i>L/D</i> ratio, internal convection and shrinkage","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Green Energy","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Torrefaction; Shrinkage; Biomass (ecology); Convection; Particle (ecology); Internal heating; Pulp and paper industry; Environmental science; Materials science; Waste management; Engineering; Mechanics; Pyrolysis; Mechanical engineering; Composite material; Physics; Agronomy; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002099112,0.00009072766,0.0002008722,0.000191048,0.000006125464,0.00001256995,0.0001503129,0.00005766425,0.00005480485],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003789237,0.00007674901,0.00009868648,0.0001125936,0.00003285112,0.0002543937,0.0000360645,0.00008435413,4.672264e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004878941,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002029153,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001584984,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001333775,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990438,0.00002685014,0.0004846819,0.00007227395,0.000299012,0.00007339162],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994373,0.0001056487,0.000132136,0.00004998264,0.0002343162,0.00004063229],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001952511,0.00002330155,0.0005973078,0.0002481939,0.0003822064,0.00001392201,0.0001514032,0.002284582,0.9816205,0.0006968696,0.00003602546,0.01375047],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004594995,0.0001397781,0.00005695184,0.000275112,0.00003931579,0.00006574035,0.00002954731,0.1445645,0.8540186,0.0001635647,0.0001362874,0.00005117599],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.964474,0.001218011,0.03315223,0.00005558707,0.0009153203,0.00001868038,0.00001760029,0.00001966091,0.0001288649],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996266,0.0001519811,0.00007242874,0.000006203568,0.0001018269,0.000001008421,0.000002739317,0.00001281936,0.00002436779],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1422799,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3129734,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004686718574690124,"score_gpt":0.2281972337764562,"score_spread":0.2235105152017661,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}