{"id":"W4404089954","doi":"10.7759/cureus.73127","title":"The Utility and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence-Powered Chatbots in Healthcare","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Cureus","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Trinity College","funders":"","keywords":"Chatbot; Health care; Triage; Medicine; MEDLINE; Domain (mathematical analysis); GRASP; Knowledge management; Artificial intelligence; Data science; Computer science; Medical emergency","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004450635,0.00006954448,0.0001243918,0.00006210902,0.00009358808,0.00002691408,0.00005174098,0.00007782299,0.00002554908],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007698406,0.00005057952,0.00003577275,0.0003004777,0.0001467263,0.00006590141,0.00001619655,0.0001920524,0.00002024918],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006194002,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002723756,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00136402,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004598008,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999046,0.00005086945,0.0004258407,0.0001760562,0.0001252747,0.0001760147],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987791,0.0007859268,0.00003447338,0.0001949309,0.0001232422,0.00008229878],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005488988,0.00006399506,0.003648244,0.0001519398,0.00001100166,0.000005304426,0.004560387,9.363511e-7,0.0001551466,0.03341365,0.0002365216,0.957698],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005494661,0.001808857,0.1092931,0.001690668,0.0001453141,0.0001153985,0.06654041,0.06273,0.03635634,0.6632096,0.0575093,0.0005461405],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8839406,0.04046039,0.001212215,0.06911298,0.00221381,0.0008729263,0.00001230506,0.00007903385,0.00209578],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994096,0.005350878,0.0001638559,0.0001280586,0.0001523941,0.00002760916,0.000008417554,0.000007838179,0.00006491561],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9571518,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2565796,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.357610552727507,"score_gpt":0.4547721868360495,"score_spread":0.09716163410854245,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}