{"id":"W4404403183","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v25i4.7623","title":"Distance Education Practices During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Comparison of Belgium, Japan, Spain, and Türkiye","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Education Practices and Challenges","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Distance education; 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Geography; Political science; Sociology; Pedagogy; Virology; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003282111,0.0002906465,0.0007580034,0.003731009,0.0009861384,0.002260634,0.0005244319,0.000612521,0.001233296],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006707341,0.0002007016,0.0005592534,0.007258588,0.0007050366,0.001449603,0.001480067,0.0003899429,0.0001191112],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002689672,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005210942,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03342416,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04625353,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986687,0.000393763,0.0003136715,0.0001306887,0.0002440345,0.0002491449],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9957768,0.001675907,0.001100336,0.00008764488,0.0009697238,0.0003896994],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001440133,0.000348886,0.4585987,0.0358967,0.0007790365,0.008741638,0.1242434,0.0004462485,0.002483681,0.003171949,0.005611869,0.3582378],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005828616,0.0004947387,0.5958627,0.01176418,0.0005538732,0.001819578,0.315954,0.0001134822,0.001064284,0.0002591409,0.07196493,0.00009068161],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9361619,0.0540722,0.0003248914,0.000838466,0.000107169,0.0001413416,0.0009631197,0.00001298321,0.007377991],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9704765,0.02619752,0.0006379661,0.0004846573,0.00002091828,0.0001599392,0.00081144,0.00001011446,0.001200982],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03342416,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06645924,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2313184723834069,"score_gpt":0.5195116802661005,"score_spread":0.2881932078826936,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}