{"id":"W4404785706","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2024.120457","title":"A comprehensive review on arsenic contamination in groundwater: Sources, detection, mitigation strategies and cost analysis","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Environmental Research","topic":"Arsenic contamination and mitigation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":70,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"University of Regina","keywords":"Arsenic contamination of groundwater; Contamination; Groundwater; Environmental science; Arsenic; Contaminated groundwater; Groundwater contamination; Environmental chemistry; Aquifer; Chemistry; Environmental remediation; Engineering; Biology; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001078385,0.0003937172,0.0008595829,0.0007067657,0.0002103897,0.0001881023,0.0002330213,0.0002417805,0.001147291],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004570522,0.0003377622,0.0002722522,0.001453052,0.0004991939,0.0003817988,0.0003311394,0.0009255649,0.001564306],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001739428,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004291787,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002259845,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006594781,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960256,0.0009435767,0.0006758505,0.0009078861,0.001023023,0.0004240827],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989673,0.0003367318,0.0001739338,0.0003705457,0.000007995818,0.000143478],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003986857,0.00008881512,0.00007831173,0.003500764,0.0001205472,0.00002315403,0.0002049258,0.00001076025,0.00002252543,0.0000487349,0.0001106632,0.9957868],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002062526,0.0001640256,0.003919446,0.00618301,0.001026664,0.0000247208,0.0007389587,0.000345009,0.00001035275,0.000259887,0.9867141,0.0004076262],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00428736,0.9920844,0.00006847115,0.00008196516,0.00006419386,0.002263664,0.0000305072,0.000032346,0.001087055],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0388261,0.9583899,0.00001447485,0.00006537368,0.00003203552,0.0005886401,0.0004616133,0.00004105723,0.001580752],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9953792,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999074,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.057050639216674,"score_gpt":0.3692031851928425,"score_spread":0.3121525459761685,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}