{"id":"W4404820372","doi":"10.3390/math12233751","title":"FLARE: A Backdoor Attack to Federated Learning with Refined Evasion","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Mathematics","topic":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Backdoor; Evasion (ethics); Computer security; Computer science; Criminology; Psychology; Biology; Immunology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["open_science","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["open_science"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004313701,0.0001759,0.0001947727,0.0001546086,0.0001411689,0.0007103368,0.007100804,0.00008911392,0.00002850089],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005857713,0.0001302655,0.00003071271,0.001010167,0.00003026642,0.0003657554,0.01947656,0.0003159945,0.0007944728],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008280943,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007011608,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003268047,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008037197,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986084,0.00003302382,0.0002279473,0.0004538238,0.0003661244,0.0003106682],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965121,0.0002198401,0.00004806945,0.0030797,0.0000701124,0.00007022076],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002168175,0.0001976648,0.00008177535,0.001158323,0.000149635,0.0004823956,0.001934644,0.0004117529,0.006748623,0.0222923,0.8940123,0.07250891],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001623892,0.0003070259,0.00002501601,0.0008113345,0.00001377222,0.0001004107,0.0001028355,0.9231138,0.00515104,0.03906538,0.03080309,0.000343933],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.03782053,0.0001072232,0.9306139,0.02541553,0.0001935868,0.0002756472,0.000003907178,0.003392197,0.002177527],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.08649876,0.00001123083,0.9122208,0.000157449,0.00002804481,0.00003233208,0.000006828065,0.00003319532,0.001011345],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.922702,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999835,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04444829195666155,"score_gpt":0.2963721466499147,"score_spread":0.2519238546932531,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}