{"id":"W4404828331","doi":"10.3390/mi15121432","title":"CFD Analysis of Particle Dynamics in Accelerated Toroidal Systems for Enhanced PIVG Performance","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Micromachines","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Computational fluid dynamics; Toroid; Mechanics; Particle (ecology); Physics; Displacement (psychology); Particle image velocimetry; Particle displacement; Flow (mathematics); Settling; Particle tracking velocimetry; Computational physics; Materials science; Plasma; Turbulence; Nuclear physics; Optics; Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002109669,0.0001554192,0.000327612,0.0002456143,0.0000248804,0.0000615441,0.0001659199,0.00007134654,0.00001118836],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001948317,0.0001536005,0.0001038584,0.001162926,0.00002763633,0.0001657964,0.00002374001,0.0001034808,0.000008209225],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000228779,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001420895,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009583809,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005490198,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989998,0.00001819958,0.0004113023,0.0002003652,0.0000925235,0.0002778015],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995794,0.0001011855,0.00002039776,0.0002172037,0.0000424116,0.00003942164],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001923971,0.00003222794,0.01214977,0.0004450665,0.0004516328,0.000003084195,0.0003577066,0.4879224,0.4954955,0.001114147,0.00005037823,0.001958821],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002009844,0.00002426141,0.007262329,0.00005546646,0.0001555804,0.000001444094,0.00004716189,0.9629747,0.02905892,0.00001195577,0.00004841515,0.0001587276],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9880396,0.002354488,0.008243021,0.00001294925,0.0004976988,0.00022479,0.0001514822,0.0002361945,0.0002398098],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992408,0.0001234447,0.0002910373,0.000003631029,0.00003430505,0.00007525739,0.00007403275,0.00003684788,0.0001206881],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4750524,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6263645,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01166343184840787,"score_gpt":0.2536928443090629,"score_spread":0.242029412460655,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}