{"id":"W4405394913","doi":"10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110984","title":"A survey on encrypted network traffic: A comprehensive survey of identification/classification techniques, challenges, and future directions","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computer Networks","topic":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Computer science; Identification (biology); Encryption; Traffic classification; Survey research; Data science; Data mining; Computer security","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00308519,0.0008105576,0.001589693,0.005031122,0.0006506732,0.003015713,0.001117849,0.000958148,0.002226609],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008893999,0.0004845885,0.0007750309,0.007445126,0.0006892288,0.007926658,0.0009868292,0.001352612,0.001096296],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007344557,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001445294,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001052835,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009636396,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973794,0.0006165393,0.0003245642,0.0003568766,0.001149058,0.0001735692],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9914479,0.005035177,0.0005278782,0.000637353,0.002189405,0.0001623635],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001085573,0.0001844458,0.008187658,0.002259814,0.00006080505,0.00007056348,0.00009469021,0.004810652,0.001757869,0.01421061,0.01156326,0.956691],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005201407,0.001093012,0.02762457,0.008273039,0.0005171244,0.005825105,0.001818622,0.1575395,0.01793504,0.08118833,0.6978238,0.0003097441],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.05459932,0.7415625,0.1683619,0.007350142,0.001595917,0.0002722981,0.001093462,0.000685096,0.02447936],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.144013,0.8027221,0.04156645,0.001557023,0.003035471,0.000133753,0.002064705,0.0001312476,0.004776311],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005031122,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01631629,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04034202833914588,"score_gpt":0.2670747418149114,"score_spread":0.2267327134757655,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}