{"id":"W4405591076","doi":"10.1038/s41746-024-01363-7","title":"Optimising the paradigms of human AI collaborative clinical coding","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"npj Digital Medicine","topic":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Medical Research Foundation; Medical Research Council; National Science and Technology Major Project; Research Councils UK; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Tsinghua University; Department of Health and Social Care; National Institute for Health and Care Research; Canadian Institute of Steel Construction","keywords":"Coding (social sciences); Computer science; Annotation; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001118721,0.0001301803,0.0002867944,0.0001065456,0.000141112,0.0002154167,0.0007041973,0.00006294097,0.00002288423],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009136868,0.00007688379,0.00005788103,0.0008824961,0.0003420638,0.0004570253,0.0002142172,0.0005111987,0.00002082535],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003471553,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001507334,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003205679,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000402823,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982362,0.0001315193,0.0005601015,0.0003529507,0.0004723988,0.00024686],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978974,0.001228383,0.0001118701,0.0004797044,0.0001632048,0.0001194205],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001288002,0.00005781902,0.01107613,0.0002942814,0.00008886829,0.0001464423,0.008422527,0.0001975941,0.0001550437,0.714587,0.01979591,0.2451655],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0029124,0.008613407,0.04456159,0.008723189,0.0001336308,0.0003613626,0.003166233,0.5418813,0.0006339186,0.06984331,0.3178462,0.001323412],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1744887,0.009210886,0.3411498,0.2602141,0.008219386,0.001574368,0.00004940177,0.001480954,0.2036123],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975146,0.00002601513,0.0007089489,0.0008274087,0.0004719514,0.00000564625,0.000006016699,0.00001223724,0.0004271695],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8230259,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.313523,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05212702744196111,"score_gpt":0.4289087960182908,"score_spread":0.3767817685763297,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}